Subnetting & IP Calculator.

Subnetting & IP Calculator. 

Subnetting:

Subnetting is the process of dividing large networks into smaller networks. Here are some things to keep in mind when doing a subnet:

128	192	224	240	248	252	254	255
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8

With this clause in mind, any subnetting is possible.

Why this subnetting?

By creating smaller networks (instead of larger networks), we get better security, fewer calls and broadcast networks, and greater administrative control of each network.

Let's try to get an example:

There is no block in a city, there is only one long road. Now if the postmen want to give a letter to someone named Sijan Saheb that will be the problem. There may be many people named Sijan on this road, in which case it would be like a racketeering madman. But if there are so many blocks on this road, one can easily find out which block of Season Sahib.

This is the same scenario with an IP, by creating smaller networks, we can get information on each host more effectively.

Class C subnetting:

We already know the first 24 bit network ID of class C and the rest 8-bit host ID. If the number of network IDs is higher and the host ID number is lesser, then we will select Class C IP.

C class-type network is described below:

[The number of networks here is how many networks will be, how many hosts will be hosted and how many subnets are the subnet IDs.]

Typical of these types on the interview board (192.16.10.0)

One block will tell you how many networks there are and how many hosts there are in each network.

Since we see the network as a c-class network then we understand that 24bit is being used for the network. Since / 28 then 24bit is omitted then 4-bit as per the above clause then it is 240. This is a subnet mask.

IP Address Planing.

IP Address Planing.

TCP / IP:

TCP IP is a protocol suite for Internet use. This protocol suite names two protocols. These protocols are two: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). TCP is used for connection-oriented reliable transmission service, and IP is used to determine the address of each host on that network.

What is TCP?

TCP is the transmission control protocol. It creates a connection oriented connection through an coinage signal.

What is ip?

On TCP / IP networks, each host is given the same number. This number is the IP that is 32 bit. This 32-bit, 8-bit is divided into 4 parts.

The IPs are divided into 5 parts,

1. Class A.

2. Class B.

3. Class C.

4. Class D.

5. Class E.

Class A:

The first bits (1) of the IP addresses belong to Class A. For this type of IP, the first 8-bit network ID and the remaining 24 bit host ID.

If the number of network IDs is less and the number of host IDs is more needed then we will select the class A's IP.

Class B:

The IP address of this class will be the value of the first two bits. In this case, the first 16 bit network ID and the remaining 16 bit host ID.

If the number of network IDs is required as well as the number of host IDs that are approximately equal, then we will select Class B IP.

Class C:

The first three bits of the IP address in this class will be values. In this case the first 24 bit network ID and the remaining 8-bit host ID.

If the number of network IDs is higher and the number of post IDs less is required then we will select Class C IP.

Class D:

This is a special type of class called multicast network. This type of IP is used to find all the routers on a host network. These classes range from 224 to 239.

Class E:

IPs of this class are commonly used for scientific research purposes. This class ranges from 240 to 255.

The OSI Model.

THE OSI MODEL.

What is the OSI Model?

The main purpose of communicating with one computer is to share information. Suppose two computers are located in different places, and they want to exchange information on these two computers. Then when a computer sends data, the data will reach the destination through many media. When moving from source to destination, data should not be a problem, meaning there are some rules set out so that it can be reached quickly and freely. These rules are called protocols. The model that combines these protocols is called the OSI model. This model is called the OSI model.

The OSI model is divided into seven layers or layers.

Its levels are:

1. Applications.

2. Presentation.

3. Sessions.

4. Transport.

5. Networking.

6. Physical.

7. Data link.

 Application Layer:

This is the seventh layer of the OSI model. The application layer provides the user interface, and processes the network data. Applications that perform the application layer, resource sharing, remote file access, directory services, etc.

  

Presentation Layer:

This layer acts as a data translator for network services. The functions of this layer are data conversion, data compilation, decryption etc. The data formats used in this layer are JPG, MPG, etc.

Session Layer:

The function of the session layer is to connect the source and the destination device, control that connection and disconnect when needed. Three types of controls are used to transmit data.

Ø Simplex: Simplex's data flows more than once

Ø Half Duplex: In the Half Duplex method, data flow on one side ends when data flows on the other.

Ø Full Duplex: Full duplex method can simultaneously flow data.

Transport Layer:

The fourth layer of the OSI model is the transport layer. The function of this layer is to ensure that the data from the session layer is accessed reliably on another device. This layer uses two types of transmission to access the data:

 1. Connection oriented

Before sending data to the connection oriented, the sender creates a medium connection of a coinage signal with the customer. This happens in the case of TCT.

 2. Connectionless:

Before sending data to Connectionless Oriented, the sender does not make a connection with the customer through a carnage signal. This is the case with UDP.

Network Layer:

The function of the network layer is addressing and packet delivery. In this layer, by adding the network address to the data packet by encapsulation. The router is used in this layer and creates a routing table.

Data link layer:

This is the second layer of the OSI model. The function of the data link layer is to transmit the datagram from one device to another via a physical layer. This layer creates a logical link between the two devices. Converts the data into a frame in this layer.

Physical layer:

The bottom layer of the OSI model is the physical layer. This layer determines the way in which the signal will be transmitted from one device to another, what will be the electric signal or data bit format, etc. In this layer, data is transferred bit to bit. The devices used in this layer are hubs, switches, etc.

The signals are transferred in physical layer a cable, these bits are being converted to frame in the data link layer and as the frames pass through the router, the frames are being converted into packets. Now let's see how these pockets will go in connection oriented or in connectionless state. The session layer decides on which mode the segments will be transferred to after the transport layer has been decided. Then the presentation layer determines what format these data will be present in. Finally, the application layer created by the user interface.

  

Many times a question arises as to how many layers of application layer or network layer OSI model can easily remember this sentence.

 All people seem to need data processing

Ø P= Presentation layer

Ø A= Application layer

Ø S= Session layer

Ø T= Transport layer

Ø N= Network layer

Ø D= Data link layer

Ø P= Physical layer

How to work network.

How to work network.

We are usually all connected to some kind of network. If you have a smart phone in your hand and a SIM card on that phone. Then you are covered by the SIM card network. The network is not limited to just SIM cards. We will know more about this network below and also know about solutions to problems with the network related.

What is the network?

When multiple computers are connected together to exchange information, it is called a network. Minimum two computers are required a network.

Network Types:

The network is generally divided into 3 parts:

1. LAN

2. MAN

3. WAN

How to work network.

Local Area Network (Lan):

A local area network is called a network composed of several computers located in the middle of the same building. The data transfer speed of this network is 10 Mbps. The devices used in this network are repeaters, hubs, network interfaces, etc.

Metropolitan Area Network (Man):

The Metropolitan Area Network is a network consisting of several LANs within the same city. Such a network can extend up to 50 - 75 miles.The data transfer speed of this network is gigabits per second.The devices used in such networks are routers, switches, microwave antennas, etc.

Wide Area Network (Wan):

Wide area network is a network built on remote LANs. This type of network has a data transfer speed of 56 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps. The speed of the van is changing slowly. The devices used in such networks are routers, modems, van switches, etc.

Topology:

The list of computers connected to a network is called Tropology.Topology plays a special role in network design. Topologies can be of various types such as bus topology, star topology, ring topology, mesh topology etc.

Network cable:

A network cable is the cable that is used to transmit data from one computer to another.

Different types of cable are used for networking

For example

1. Co-axial cable.

2. Twisted pair cable.

3. Fiber optic cable.

1. Co-axial cable:

Coaxial cables are used in some local area networks. Co-axial cables are of different types. For example - 50 ohms. 75 ohms 93 ohms. The price of this cable is much lower, because of the copper made EMI problem.

2. Twisted pair cable:

There are two types of twisted pair cable.

Shielded twisted pair cable.Unshielded twisted pair cable.

➢Shielded twisted pair cable:

Each twisted pair of shielded twisted pair cable has a tight cover. As a result, the electronics interface is much lower. The data transfer speed of this cable is 500mbps.

➢On-shielded twisted pair cable:

Unshielded twisted pair cable pliers have no extra shielding, only a plastic jacket on the outside. The data transfer rate of this cable is 16 Mbps.

3. Fiber optic cable:

This cable is used as a glass media rather than copper wire. As a result there is no electro magnetic interface. The data transmission speed of this cable is very high. There are two types of fiber optic cable. (Single mode fiber and multimode fiber). Its main disadvantages are the cost is high and difficult to install.

Repeater:

Repeater is a device used to amplify signals.If you amplify the signal using a repeater before it goes a distance of 185 meters, it can cross another 185 meters. It works in the physical layer of the OSI model.

Hub:

The hub is a repeater with multiple terms. It works with electric signals. There is no hub headache for the network address or map address of the network adapter. It also works on the physical layer of the OSI model.

Bridge:

A bridge is a device that connects multiple network segments. It creates bridging tables for each segment to account for different devices. It works in the data link layer of the OSI model.

Switch:

The switch is a bridge with multiple ports. It stores the list of Mac addresses on each node. It works on the OSL model's data link layer.

Router:

Routing is the process of sending data from one network to another. The device used for Routing is the router. It works on the OSI model's network layer.

Gateway:

Gateway A gateway is a device used to connect different types of networks. It translates the protocol. It works in 4 layers of the OSI model.