Static Routing.

Static Routing:

If there are a few routers too close to the network then static routing is better. As a result, the network will be less secure with less bandwidth.

The advantages of using a static route are:

Routing Efficiency: Static Routing a router works very fast. This results in lower cost of network bandwidth

Security: You can control the way your data flows by manually configuring some routes.

There are some disadvantages of using a static route:

Maintenance: If the route of the network is changed then it has to be changed manually. While this is possible for small networks, it can be difficult for large networks.

Precision: Manually configuring the route is more likely to go wrong.

The only way to follow a static route is to follow the syntax:

Ip route dest-network subnet (next-hop-ip interface)

Destination Network:

You need to specify the address of the destination network.

How to Work Switch, STP , RSTP OR VLAN.

SWITCHING:

The switch is a networking device, which is the second layer of the OSI model Works. Now the question is what is the second layer of the OSI model? We already knew that the traditional layer of the OSI model is the Data link layer. Data link is the frame which is the data format in Layer. That is to say, the origin of a frame switch is real, the switch sends the frame to the destination MAC address.

SWITCHING AND HISTORY:

Let's not know how the network worked when there was no switch. In 1980, coaxial cable was used. Whose data was capable of transfer up to 185 meters. The two connectors used to connect the T-connector came next to the hub, the problem that the hub faced was broadcast. That is, sending data to a port broadcasts to all ports. The bridge is designed to eliminate this problem. The only thing it did was convert several segments of the network into segments. As a result, the broadcast size gets smaller. The only limitation of this was that it started broadcasting between the networks within the segment. The switch comes after solving all such problems. The function that the switch performs is to transfer data to the port on which you transfer data. Other posts are free.

SWITCHES THAT DO THE WORK:

 ⇰   The switch collects the MAC addresses of the devices connected to the Mac table. As a result, a                                  Mac  request can actually be learned.

 ⇰   Decides whether the request from one host will actually forward to the port of another host.

 ⇰   Network switches there are network access monitoring systems.

Now let's try to know a little STP.

Now maybe a question may come to everyone that suddenly why STP? Need to know about STP because STP eliminates switching loop. 

Let's see how STP eliminates the switching loop. That is,

   ⇰   The STP first selects the route bridge.

   ⇰   Later, the type of port is determined.

   ⇰   Finally, convergence.

1. How does STP select the route bridge?

STP checks the bridge ID to select the route bridge. That is, the switch ID is less than the bridge ID of the switch port. The Bridge ID is the Bridge Charity and the MAC address, which is the lower the cost of the MAC address, the port will be the root bridge.

2. How to determine the type of pot next?

Determining the type of STP port means the cost of the route from the route bridge to the no root bridge. Different links have different types of costs. Select the link that will cost less.

Here is a link cost chart:

BANDWIDTH	STP EXPENSE
10 GBPS	2
1 GBPS	4
100 MBPS	19
10 MBPS	100

This is determined by the cost.

3. The latest is convergence.

This is how the middle loop of the switch is removed. The STP spends about 50 seconds completing this task. This time tomorrow is convergence time.

RSTP:

The convergence time of STP is higher than the RSTP protocol. The RSTP is the rapid spanning tree protocol. Convergence in this protocol takes only 50 seconds.

Network Router And Route.

What is a Network router and route?

The router is an integrated device that works on layer 3 and sends out a packet to another network. And Network is the only way to send packets to another network without having to send another packet.

Flash Memory:

Flash memory is used as a depository in the operating system.

RAM:

RAM is used to store information on the rooting table and submit files for running configuration.

Enviam:

Enviom is used as a backup file.

Typically there are three routing routes:

1. Static route  

2. Dynamic Route

3. Diff Route

Static route:  

Thick network may be affected by the routing route. Updating it if you want to change the route.

The comma of the static route is:

Ip route dest-ip subnet [next-hop-ip / interface]

Dynamic Route:

Dynamic Route is all routes that you can visit along the route. Failure is not to do anything. Any route is routed to the Hell Seat Automotive Routing Table.

Diff Route:

If you do not have the ability to determine which router to listen to, the router will use the default interface to select the same route.

Router Basic Security Setup.

Cisco is the mode configuration system.  

Typically 3 mod modes are available on Cisco router.

EXE mode:

The Cisco router group includes the EXE mode with the default operation mode. ISO kicks off after launching the Cisco device And Ace at EXE Mod. Exe mod will be ">" selected. The following is a description of the password entry in this EXE mode.

VLSM Subnet Mask.

VLSM

VLSM is a Variable Length Subnet Mask. VLSM allows us to use a network multiple subnet mask.

Why VLSM is required?

VLSM is needed to handle IPs properly, is to minimize IP abuse.Because many clients of a single client need an IP of one range. So through VLSM I can give clients IP as per their requirement. Looking at an example we can easily explain.

Suppose is a new company. They need a certain number of IPs for their different departments. Their IP request is:

The management team will need 100 IPs.

Sales team will need 50 IPs.

The account team will require 25 IPs.

The IT team will need 5 IPs.

And our network is - 192.168.1.0

Before doing the Practical, I have reviewed some information before. For exiting the host number = the bits that are off is 2 ^ (total number) -2

For excluding network numbers = bits that will be extra on 2 ^ (total number) of bits= 24-last writ value for subnet ID release. 

Step-1: For 100 host.

When doing VLSM, it is best to take the highest number of IPs first. The result is easy to calculate. For example, the maximum number of IPs required is 100. So for 100 host IP we have to take 2 ^ 7 = 128-2 = 126. Then the subnet mux will be – 255.255.255.128 and the network will be – 192.168.1.0/25.

Step-2: For 50 host.

The second highest number of IPs is 50. Which is what the sales team needs. So for 50 host IP's we have to take (2 ^ 6) = 64-2 = 62. So since 6 bit is used for the host then the rest of the bits is (32-6) = 26.Again since Class C since 24 is fixed, extra bits are needed (26-24) = 2. According to the above data the value of the second bit is - 192. So our subnet mask is – 255.255.255.192. And our network will be – 192.168.1.128/26 because we had block size in the previous network – 128.

Class B subnetting.

Class B subnetting.

Class B subnetting:

In the case of networking, we need to select class-b if both its IP number and the number of network icons are equal. Let's see how to subnet Class B. When subnetting a Class B address, remember that the first two octet 3 bits in the mask must be 1. That is, the first 4-bit is the network and the next 16-bit is the host ID. The Class B default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0. In the case of Class B, we do a bit on the subnetting.

172.16.0.0/17 255.255.128.0 Network Number = 2 = 2 Host Number = 2-15-2= 32766 Subnet Id=256-128=128

Network-1	172.16.0.0	Network-2	172.16.128.0
Fast Host	172.16.0.1	Fast Host	172.16.128.1
	172.16.0.2		172.16.128.2
	172.16.0.3		172.168.128.3
Last Host	172.16.127.254	Last Host	172.16.255.254
Brad cost address	172.16.127.255	Brad cost address	172.16.255.255

Again, in the case of Class B, subnetting two bits on. 172.16.0.0/18 255.255.192.0 Network number 2 = 8 host number = 2 = -2 = 16382 subnet ID = 256-128

Network-3	172.16.128.0	Network-4	172.16.192.0
Fast Host	172.16.128.1	Fast Host	172.16.192.1
	172.16.128.2		172.16.192.2
	172.16.128.3		172.16.192.3
Last Host	172.16.191.254	Last Host	172.16.255.254
Brad cost address	172.16.191.255	Brad cost address	172.16.255.255

Subnetting & IP Calculator.

Subnetting & IP Calculator. 

Subnetting:

Subnetting is the process of dividing large networks into smaller networks. Here are some things to keep in mind when doing a subnet:

128	192	224	240	248	252	254	255
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8

With this clause in mind, any subnetting is possible.

Why this subnetting?

By creating smaller networks (instead of larger networks), we get better security, fewer calls and broadcast networks, and greater administrative control of each network.

Let's try to get an example:

There is no block in a city, there is only one long road. Now if the postmen want to give a letter to someone named Sijan Saheb that will be the problem. There may be many people named Sijan on this road, in which case it would be like a racketeering madman. But if there are so many blocks on this road, one can easily find out which block of Season Sahib.

This is the same scenario with an IP, by creating smaller networks, we can get information on each host more effectively.

Class C subnetting:

We already know the first 24 bit network ID of class C and the rest 8-bit host ID. If the number of network IDs is higher and the host ID number is lesser, then we will select Class C IP.

C class-type network is described below:

[The number of networks here is how many networks will be, how many hosts will be hosted and how many subnets are the subnet IDs.]

Typical of these types on the interview board (192.16.10.0)

One block will tell you how many networks there are and how many hosts there are in each network.

Since we see the network as a c-class network then we understand that 24bit is being used for the network. Since / 28 then 24bit is omitted then 4-bit as per the above clause then it is 240. This is a subnet mask.

IP Address Planing.

IP Address Planing.

TCP / IP:

TCP IP is a protocol suite for Internet use. This protocol suite names two protocols. These protocols are two: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). TCP is used for connection-oriented reliable transmission service, and IP is used to determine the address of each host on that network.

What is TCP?

TCP is the transmission control protocol. It creates a connection oriented connection through an coinage signal.

What is ip?

On TCP / IP networks, each host is given the same number. This number is the IP that is 32 bit. This 32-bit, 8-bit is divided into 4 parts.

The IPs are divided into 5 parts,

1. Class A.

2. Class B.

3. Class C.

4. Class D.

5. Class E.

Class A:

The first bits (1) of the IP addresses belong to Class A. For this type of IP, the first 8-bit network ID and the remaining 24 bit host ID.

If the number of network IDs is less and the number of host IDs is more needed then we will select the class A's IP.

Class B:

The IP address of this class will be the value of the first two bits. In this case, the first 16 bit network ID and the remaining 16 bit host ID.

If the number of network IDs is required as well as the number of host IDs that are approximately equal, then we will select Class B IP.

Class C:

The first three bits of the IP address in this class will be values. In this case the first 24 bit network ID and the remaining 8-bit host ID.

If the number of network IDs is higher and the number of post IDs less is required then we will select Class C IP.

Class D:

This is a special type of class called multicast network. This type of IP is used to find all the routers on a host network. These classes range from 224 to 239.

Class E:

IPs of this class are commonly used for scientific research purposes. This class ranges from 240 to 255.

The OSI Model.

THE OSI MODEL.

What is the OSI Model?

The main purpose of communicating with one computer is to share information. Suppose two computers are located in different places, and they want to exchange information on these two computers. Then when a computer sends data, the data will reach the destination through many media. When moving from source to destination, data should not be a problem, meaning there are some rules set out so that it can be reached quickly and freely. These rules are called protocols. The model that combines these protocols is called the OSI model. This model is called the OSI model.

The OSI model is divided into seven layers or layers.

Its levels are:

1. Applications.

2. Presentation.

3. Sessions.

4. Transport.

5. Networking.

6. Physical.

7. Data link.

 Application Layer:

This is the seventh layer of the OSI model. The application layer provides the user interface, and processes the network data. Applications that perform the application layer, resource sharing, remote file access, directory services, etc.

  

Presentation Layer:

This layer acts as a data translator for network services. The functions of this layer are data conversion, data compilation, decryption etc. The data formats used in this layer are JPG, MPG, etc.

Session Layer:

The function of the session layer is to connect the source and the destination device, control that connection and disconnect when needed. Three types of controls are used to transmit data.

Ø Simplex: Simplex's data flows more than once

Ø Half Duplex: In the Half Duplex method, data flow on one side ends when data flows on the other.

Ø Full Duplex: Full duplex method can simultaneously flow data.

Transport Layer:

The fourth layer of the OSI model is the transport layer. The function of this layer is to ensure that the data from the session layer is accessed reliably on another device. This layer uses two types of transmission to access the data:

 1. Connection oriented

Before sending data to the connection oriented, the sender creates a medium connection of a coinage signal with the customer. This happens in the case of TCT.

 2. Connectionless:

Before sending data to Connectionless Oriented, the sender does not make a connection with the customer through a carnage signal. This is the case with UDP.

Network Layer:

The function of the network layer is addressing and packet delivery. In this layer, by adding the network address to the data packet by encapsulation. The router is used in this layer and creates a routing table.

Data link layer:

This is the second layer of the OSI model. The function of the data link layer is to transmit the datagram from one device to another via a physical layer. This layer creates a logical link between the two devices. Converts the data into a frame in this layer.

Physical layer:

The bottom layer of the OSI model is the physical layer. This layer determines the way in which the signal will be transmitted from one device to another, what will be the electric signal or data bit format, etc. In this layer, data is transferred bit to bit. The devices used in this layer are hubs, switches, etc.

The signals are transferred in physical layer a cable, these bits are being converted to frame in the data link layer and as the frames pass through the router, the frames are being converted into packets. Now let's see how these pockets will go in connection oriented or in connectionless state. The session layer decides on which mode the segments will be transferred to after the transport layer has been decided. Then the presentation layer determines what format these data will be present in. Finally, the application layer created by the user interface.

  

Many times a question arises as to how many layers of application layer or network layer OSI model can easily remember this sentence.

 All people seem to need data processing

Ø P= Presentation layer

Ø A= Application layer

Ø S= Session layer

Ø T= Transport layer

Ø N= Network layer

Ø D= Data link layer

Ø P= Physical layer